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Edmund Bergler (; ; 1899–1962) was an Austrian-born American psychoanalyst whose books covered such topics as childhood development, mid-life crises, loveless marriages, gambling, and self-defeating behaviors. He was the most important theorist of homosexuality in the 1950s.〔 ==Life and career== Edmund Bergler was born in 1899. An Austrian Jew, he fled the Nazis in 1937–38 and settled in New York City,〔Melvyn L. Iscove, M.D., in his Introduction to ''The Talent for Stupidity:The Psychology of the Bungler, the Incompetent, and the Ineffectual.'' International Universities Press, Inc. Madison, CT. 1998. p. xii. (This book was first published 36 years after Bergler's death, through the Edmund and Marianne Bergler Psychiatric Foundation.)〕 where he worked as a psychoanalyst. Over the course of his career, he wrote twenty-five psychology books along with 273 articles that were published in leading professional journals.〔''Selected Papers of Edmund Bergler.'' Grune and Stratton, New York and London, 1969. p. 953–966.〕 He also had unfinished manuscripts of dozens of more titles in the possession of the Edmund and Marianne Bergler Psychiatric Foundation.〔Bergler, ''The Talent for Stupidity.'' p. xv〕 He has been referred to as "one of the few original minds among the followers of Freud".〔Review of ''The Battle of the Conscience'', in ''The Nervous Child'', 1948, 7(4):449.〕 Delos Smith, science editor of United Press International, said Bergler was "among the most prolific Freudian theoreticians after Freud himself".〔In a December 1964 review of ''Parents Not Guilty of Their Children's Neuroses.''〕 Summarizing his work, Bergler said that people were heavily defended against realization of the darkest aspects of human nature, meaning the individual's emotional addiction to unresolved negative emotions.〔Edmund Bergler, ''The Superego''. International Universities Press, Madison, CT. 1989. p. 352. (First published by Grune and Stratton, Inc. 1952.)〕 He wrote in 1958, "I can only reiterate my opinion that the superego is the real master of the personality, that psychic masochism constitutes the most dangerous countermeasure of the unconscious ego against the superego's tyranny, that psychic masochism is 'the life-blood of neurosis' and is in fact the basic neurosis. I still subscribe to my dictum, 'Man's inhumanity to man is equaled only by man's inhumanity to himself.'"〔Edmund Bergler, ''Principles of Self-Damage,'' International Universities Press, Inc., Madison, CT. 1992. p. xxxv. (First published by Philosophical Library, Inc. 1959.)〕 He was the most important theorist of homosexuality in the 1950s. According to Kenneth Lewes, "...Bergler frequently distanced himself from the central, psychoanalytical tradition, while at the same time claiming a position of importance within it. He thought of himself as a revolutionary who would transform the movement." Near the end of his life, Bergler became an embarrassment to many other analysts: "His views at conferences and symposia were reported without remark, or they were softened and their offensive edge blunted."〔 Bergler was highly critical of sex researcher Alfred C. Kinsey, and rejected the Kinsey scale, deeming it to be based on flawed assumptions.〔Bell, Alan P. & Weinberg, Martin S. ''Homosexuality: An Annotated Bibliography''. Harper & Row, 1972, p. 136.〕 He is noted for his insistence on the universality of unconscious masochism. He is remembered for his theories about both homosexuality and writer's block – a term he coined in 1947. Bergler, who did more work on the subject than any other psychoanalyst, argued that all gamblers gamble because of "psychic masochism".〔Peter Fuller, "Introduction", in Jon Halliday/Peter Fuller eds., ''The Psychology of Gambling'' (London 1974) p. 14〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Edmund Bergler」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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